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The week that...

Week ending 26 April

Articles - The week that...

April 22, 1915: Modern chemicals are used in war for the first time when German troops release chlorine gas on the front lines at Ypres, Belgium during WW I. Wind blows the cloud of yellow-green gas  over the French trenches killing 5000 soldiers. Chlorine gas causes suffocation, constriction of the chest, tightness in the throat, and oedema of the lungs. As little as 2.5 mg per litre (approximately 0.085 percent by volume) in the atmosphere causes death in minutes.
April 25, 1792: Highwayman Nicholas-Jacques Pelletier becomes the first person to be dispatched using the guillotine. In France, beheading had been decreed as the default method of execution available to all classes, as a nod to the tenets of the Revolution, which required that all people be treated as equals. Before the law was passed, death by decapitation, considered to be the most humane way to die was available only to the nobility. Ordinary prisoners suffered slow death by hanging or were tied to a breaking wheel where they had their limbs broken and usually died from shock and dehydration. The guillotine was developed when Sanson, the official executioner, pointed out that beheading all criminals using the sword was impractical since it required a skilled executioner with a lot of strength, a very steady hand and a good eye, in order to sever the criminal's head with a single stroke.
 

Week ending 19 April

Articles - The week that...

April 12, 1888: A French newspaper mistakenly publishes an obituary for Alfred Nobel, inventor of dynamite, calling him "a merchant of death". It was actually his brother Ludwig who had died, but the label he was given made Nobel realise he needed to improve his public image and prompted him to establish the Nobel prizes.

April 14, 1912: David Sarnoff, a 21-year-old telegraph operator managing a powerful Marconi radio telegraph station from the roof of Wanamaker's department store in New York, picks up a message of distress call of the Titanic relayed from ships at sea: "S.S. Titanic ran into iceberg, sinking fast." Sarnoff , who later went on to found NBC, stayed at his post for 72 hours, receiving and transmitting the first authentic information on the disaster, relaying the names of the rescued from the Carpathia telegraph operator to newsmen and the families of those on board the Titanic.

April 15, 1726: Writer William Stukeley has a conversation with Isaac Newton during which Newton makes mention of the notion of gravity. Later Stukeley recalls in his book Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life: "It was occasioned by the fall of an apple, as he sat in contemplative mood. Why should that apple always descend perpendicularly to the ground, thought he to himself. Why should it not go sideways or upwards, but constantly to the Earth's centre."

 

Week ending 12 April

Articles - The week that...

April 6, 1938: Chemist Roy Plunkett accidentally discovers polytetrafluoroethylene, later known as Teflon, when a canister containing tetrafluoroethylene, a gas used in refrigeration, fails to discharge. When Plunkett opened the canister up he discovered that the gas had polymerised into a smooth, slippery white powder. Teflon is used for non-stick cookware bacause it can repel substances at high temperatures. In the 1980's it lent its name to US president Ronald Reagan, who became known as the Teflon President for his uncanny ability to  avoid being tarnished by the scandals that plagued his administration.

April 10, 1633: Bananas appeared on sale in Britain for the first time, exhibited in the shop window of  Thomas Johnson of Snow Hill, London. According to recent archaeological evidence, the banana was first cultivated at Kuk Swamp in the Papua New Guinean highlands at least 6,500 years ago.

   

Week ending 5 April

Articles - The week that...

April 1, 2004: After a tradition of April Fools' Day hoaxes, Google releases a web-based email service called  Gmail.

April 1, 1875: Sir Francis Galton publishes the first newspaper weather map in The Times of London. Today it is a standard feature of newspapers worldwide.

April 2, 1935: Scottish physicist, Sir Robert Watson-Watt is granted a patent for RADAR – RAdio Detection And Ranging. His work played a vital role in the defence of Britain against German air raids in 1940.

April 3, 1449: John of Utynam receives a patent, the first ever issued in England, for a method for making coloured glass, granted for a term of 20 years by King Henry VI. Flemish-born John of Utynam made the  stained-glass windows for the king's new institutions Eton College and King's College, Cambridge. 

April 3, 1973: The first call on a mobile telephone is made by its inventor Martin Cooper to his rival Dr. Joel S. Engel, Bell Labs' head of research.

 

Week ending 29 March

Articles - The week that...

week290309March 24, 1989: Oil tanker Exxon Valdez runs aground in the Prince William Sound in Alaska spilling 42 million litres of crude oil across 2,000 kilometres of Alaskan coastline. More than half a million seabirds, 1,000 otters, 300 harbor seals, 250 bald eagles and 22 killer whales are destroyed along with billions of salmon and herring eggs. In terms of environmental damage, it ranks as one of the worst man-made disasters in history. The legacy of the disaster is still in evidence today. Wired magazine reports that a pod of genetically unique killer whales living in the region, known as the AT1 pod, has never recovered. Nine of the pod's 22 whales died after the spill and in the 20 years since  it has not produced any young. Craig Matkin, director of the North Gulf Oceanic Society, says that the whales are acoustically unique as well; their song is like an entirely different language. To Matkin this proves that the whales are individuals with culture, traditions and personalities.
   

week ending 22 March

Articles - The week that...

March 13, 1989: Father of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee submits a document called Information Management: a proposal, to his supervisor at the CERN alboratory in Switzerland where he was working. It outlined his plans for an information system which could access data via hypertext pages and browsers using an "access protocol". Although it was deemed "vague, but exciting" by his supervisor, the project was given the go-ahead and is today recognised as the beginning of the World Wide Web.

March 19, 1474: The world's first patent law is declared in Venice.Intended to attract inventors and investors to the city it stated: "Each person who will make in this city any new and ingenious contrivance, not made heretofore in our dominion, as soon as it is reduced to perfection ... It being forbidden to any other in any territory and place of ours to make any other contrivance in the form and resemblance thereof, without the consent and licence of the author up to ten years."

March 20, 1987: The US Federal Drug Administration approves the sale of AZT (azidothymidine), an antiviral drug believed to prolong the lives of some AIDS patients. AZT was the first authorised antiretroviral AIDS drug.
 

Week ending 15 March

Articles - The week that...

theweek_150309March 11, 105 AD: Chinese eunuch Ts'ai Lun invents paper using
bamboo, mulberry, and other fibers, along with fish nets and rags.
For his efforts (although it is possible these may have been those
of someone in an unrecognised lower social class) Emperor Han Ho
Ti, in whose court Ts'ai Lun served, granted him an aristocratic title
and great wealth. Ts'ai Lun later committed suicide by drinking
poison when he was ordered to prison at the end of the Han
dynasty accused of being involved in the murder of Consort Song,
grandfather of Emperor An of Han of the Song dynasty.

March 12, 1969: The supersonic aircraft, Concorde, makes its
first flight. In April 2003, Air France and British Airways, citing low
passenger numbers after a Concorde's only crash in July 2000 killed
all 100 passengers and nine crew on board the flight, announced
that they would retire Concorde later that year.
March 13, 1930: Clyde W. Tombaugh announces the discovery of
a ninth planet, named Pluto by eleven-year-old schoolgirl Venetia
Burney. In 2006 Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet since it
failed to fulfill the criteria in the official definition for "planet".
   

Week ending 8 March

Articles - The week that...

March 6, 1899: German chemist Felix Hoffmann patents Aspirin, a chemically pure and stable form of acetylsalicylic acid, which he created in 1897. His lab notes remarked on its advantages over salicylic acid as a pain reliever. Simply put, Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid tasted better and was less likely to cause internal bleeding. The patent was brought into question when Arthur Eichengrün published a paper in 1949 in which he claimed to have planned and directed the synthesis of Aspirin. To this day the dispute not been resolved. Hoffman was also responsible for synthesising heroin (from heroisch, German for heroic), a preparation which his employer Bayer disingeniously marketed as a cure for morphine addiction.
March 7, 1897: Dr. John Kellogg serves the world's first cornflakes to his patients at a mental hospital in Battle Creek, Michigan. Dr Kellogg included this unsweetened form of the cereal in his patients' diets believing that their ailments could be cured by a regimen of exercise and vegetarian food. When his brother, Will Keith Kellogg, added sugar to the recipe and marketed cornflakes as a breakfast food the doctor sued him in an attempt to disassociate the Kellogg name from mass-produced breakfast cereals.
 

Week ending 1 March

Articles - The week that...

theweek010309February 25, 1616: Tuscan physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Galileo Galilei, renounces his belief that the earth moves around the sun. Galileo was ordered by Cardinal Bellarmine "to give up altogether the false doctrine ... and if you should refuse ... you should be imprisoned." Galileo made the renouncement knowing that this would not change the facts about the earth's motion.

March 1, 1921: Escapologist Harry Houdini patents a diver's suit.

March 2, 1784: French inventor Jean-Pierre Blanchard makes his first successful balloon flight. The flight, which took off from Paris'  Champ de Mars, almost ended in disaster when Dupont de Chambon, angry at being refused a place on the flight , slashed at the balloons mooring ropes with his sword.

March 2, 1825: Work begins on the Thames Tunnel, the world's first tunnel under a navigable river. Marc Brunel, the engineer charged with managing the project had patented a tunnelling shield in 1818, inspired by the shipworm, Teredo navalis, which builds a hard shell to protect itself while it bores through swelling ships’ timbers.
   

Week ending 22 February

Articles - The week that...

week220209February 17, 1869: Dmitri Mendeleev invents a way of arranging the chemical elements in a systematic way. The Russian chemist and inventor had cancelled a previous engagement that day to work on what is acknowledged as the first version of the periodic table of elements.
February 17, 1996: World chess champion Gary Kasparov defeats IBM's chess-playing computer Deep Blue, by winning a six-game match 4-2, in a regulation-style match held in Philadelphia, as part of the ACM Computer Science Conference.
February 18, 1901: British bridge engineer Hubert Cecil Booth files a patent for a "dust removing suction cleaner" which could  suck dirt up instead of blowing it around like earlier dust busters. The mobile cleaning service that he subsequently started using the new device, was built on a horse-drawn cart. The vacuum machine was connected to an engine driving a pump attached to a long hose which was hauled into the houses of his clients. One of Booth's earliest commissions was to clean the huge blue ceremonial  carpet in Westminster Abbey for Edward VII's coronation.
 

Week ending 15 February

Articles - The week that...

week150209February 14, 1747: British astronomer, James Bradley delivers a paper at the Royal Society describing earth's "wobble", a motion he defined as nutation, from the Latin nutare, to nod.
February 14, 2003: Dolly, "the world's most famous sheep" and the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell is euthenased. Dolly had been suffering from a progressive lung disease. She was six-years old.
February 15, 1758: Ed Shoemaker and his cousin Edward Knabusch, design the first La-Z-Boy recliner using a piece of plywood and a yardstick. The upholstered version was introduced the following year.
February 12, 1898: Henry Lindfield becomes the first fatality resulting from a car accident when the steering on his electric car fails. Lindfield crashed at the bottom of a hill at Purley Corner in Surrey. He died of shock after surgeons at Croydon hospital amputated his leg.
   

Week ending 8 February

Articles - The week that...

week080209February 4, 1998: Bill Gates gets pied. While the Microsoft mogul was visiting Brussels to speak with EU officials, Belgian writer, critic, actor and serial flinger of cream pies appeared from behind a pillar and threw a pie at his face. Afterwards, Godin allegedly said, "My work is done here."
February 7, 1932: A description of the neutron, a neutral particle in the nucleus of atoms is published in Nature by its discoverer, James Chadwick.
February 7, 1984: "David", a 12-year-old boy born without immunity to disease, touches his mother for the first time after being removed from the protective plastic "bubble" which had been his home since birth. He died two weeks later.
February 8, 1928: John Logie Baird's transmission of a TV image is received across the Atlantic ocean using short wave radio, from station 2 KZ at Purley, England to Hartsdale, New York. The image, which was taken with a light sensitive camera behind a rotating disc, was that of the face of Mrs Mia Howe.
 

Week ending 1 February

Articles - The week that...

week-010209January 27, 1967: The first U.S. astronauts die in the line of duty when Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee are killed on the launch pad when a flash fire engulfs their command module during testing for the first Apollo/Saturn mission.
January 28, 1807: London's Pall Mall becomes the first street of any city to be illuminated by gaslight.
January 28, 1896: The first speeding fine is handed out to British motorist, Walter Arnold, caught doing 8 mph (13 km/h) in a 2 mph (just over 3 km/h) zone. Arnold was fined one shilling. The speed limit had been in force since 1865 when the Locomotive Act introduced a 2 mph speed limit in built up zones and 4 mph (6 km/h) elsewhere. In 1903, the limit was raised to 20 mph (32 km/h) and again in 1934 to 30 mph (48 km/h), where it has remained ever since.
January 30, 1790: The first lifeboat, the "Original", is tested at sea by its builder, Englishman Henry Greathead. The boat was 30ft long, had twelve oars, was self-righting, and had seven hundredweight of cork for buoyancy.
   

Week ending 25 January

Articles - The week that...

January 22, 1997: Lottie Williams, of Tulsa, Oklahoma, is struck on the shoulder by a piece of space debris while walking through a park. The 15cm-long piece of metal was presumed by NASA to have come from a second stage Delta rocket which broke up during its re-entry into Earth's atmosphere. Williams is the only person ever to have been hit by a piece of re-entering spacecraft. The odds, according to the Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris studies, are less than one in a trillion.
January 23, 1911: Nobel Prize recipient, Marie Curie, has her nomination to the French Academy of Sciences voted down by the academy's all-male membership.
January 25, 1799: Scientist Benjamin Thompson presents a paper on heat to the Royal Society. The paper, called Enquiry concerning the Source of Heat which is excited by Friction showed that heat was produced by friction and was therefore a form of motion, and not a liquid, as was the prevailing belief of the time.
January 19, 1915: Parisian George Claude receives a US patent for his System of Illuminating by Luminescent Tubes, the forerunner of the Neon sign.
 

Week ending 18 January

Articles - The week that...

week180109January 15, 1797: London haberdasher James Heatherington dons the first top hat in public.  The headgear creates a stir that degenerates into a shoving match that sees Heatherington summoned to appear in court before the Lord Mayor and fined £50 for going about in a manner "calculated to frighten timid people". Within a month he was overwhelmed with orders for the new hat.
January 14, 1914: Henry Ford announces an innovation in assembly line production of 'modern' cars. The continuous motion method reduced assembly time of a car from over 12 hours to 93 minutes.  Because production was so fast the line began to bottleneck at the painting stage forcing the company to drop all colour options. Japan Black was the only paint that dried fast enough to keep pace with production.
January 17, 1909: British explorers Douglas Mawson, Edgeworth David and Alistair Mackay from Sir Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition find the magnetic south pole. Following instruction, David takes formal possession of the area for the British Empire.
   

Week ending 11 January

Articles - The week that...

week110109

January 7, 1851: Léon Foucault uses a pendulum to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth. Foucault hung a 5-kilogram pendulum from a 2-meter cable and observed a small clockwise motion of the pendulum's plane of oscillation.
January 6, 1714: The typewriter is patented by Englishman Henry Mill. Mill failed to perfect his invention and it died with him. The patent's title, granted "by the grace of Queen Anne" was: "An artificial machine or method for the impressing or transcribing of letters singly or progressively one after another, as in writing, whereby all writing whatever may be engrossed in paper or parchment so neat and exact as not to be distinguished from print."
January 10, 1863: The world's first underground passenger railway, London's Metroplitan, opens to fare-paying passengers. Construction  by the "cut and cover" method began in February 1860, resulting in massive traffic disruption in north London.

 

Week ending 4 January

Articles - The week that...

theweek-040109

December 31, 1972: The first "leap" second  is inserted on New Year's Eve by the world's timekeepers, the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, in order to keep their official atomic clocks in step with the world's irregular but gradually slowing rotation. The timekeepers added an extra second between 2008 and 2009, the 24th time this has been done.
January 2, 1813: 66 people are put on trial for offenses connected with Luddism in York, England. Taking their name from Ned Ludd, Luddites vowed to destroy the factory mechanisation they blamed for their unemployment. Seventeen trialists were executed.
January 4, 1904: Thomas Edison electrocutes Topsy, a 28-year-old Coney island elephant sentenced to death after she killed three men. Her last victim had fed her a lit cigarette. Edison filmed the event and showed it around the country as part of his effort to discredit George Westinghouse's "dangerous" alternating current.

   

Week ending 28 December

Articles - The week that...

week281208December 25, 1750: Benjamin Franklin, in one of his many experiments with electricity, attempts to kill a turkey by hooking it up to two Leyden jars, and accidentally electrocutes himself: "I have lately made an Experiment in Electricity that I desire never to repeat. Two nights ago being about to kill a Turkey by the Shock from two large Glass Jarrs containing as much electrical fire as forty common Phials, I inadvertently took the whole thro' my own Arms and Body."
December 26, 1982: Time magazine's Man of the Year accolade, given for "greatest influence for good or evil" is awarded to its first non-human recipient,  the computer.
December 27, 1831: Charles Darwin begins his voyage as ship's naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle. Darwin, a 22-year-old fresh out of university, developed his theory of natural selection from observations he made and the specimens he collected on the five year voyage, which made stops in Brazil, the Galapagos islands and New Zealand.
 

Week ending 21 December

Articles - The week that...

week211208December 15, 2001: After a $27 million effort to keep it from tilting so much it might fall over, Italy's Leaning Tower of Pisa reopens its doors to tourists. Several plans to stop the slow but steady decrease of the angle between the tower and the ground were hatched after the Italian government elected to close the tower to tourists in 1989. One suggestion was to drill 10,000 holes in the tower to make it a little lighter. Another was to build an exact replica leaning in the other direction to prop up the existing one. When these proposals were rejected, the only solution seemed to be to dismantle the entire structure and rebuild it stone by stone until engineers decided that if they could get the high side of the foundations to sink a little it might straighten out the sinking side. 100 tons of lead weights were placed on the lip of the north-side and drills were used to remove soil from the 800-year-old foundation. After three years they had succeeded in straightening the tower by 45 centimetres and it was declared stable for at least another 300 years. In May this year engineers announced that the tower had stopped moving altogether.
   

Week ending 14 December

Articles - The week that...

December 9, 1968: A presentation by Stanford Research Institute engineer Douglas Engelbart introduces the computer mouse to the world. Engelbart's first mouse (pictured here) was carved out of wood and had only one button. Underneath the mouse were two wheels connected to potentiometers to record the mouse's movement along the x and y axes. The mouse was just one part of Engelbart's vision for the future of computing; he also proposed "what you see is what you get" editing, windows, hyperlinks and other concepts which have become staples for non-academic people who use computers to aid them in the workplace and home. While the mouse was what people latched onto at the time, the gist of Engelbart's presentation was about making technology more accessible, an idea which created the foundations of personal computing.
 

Week ending 7 December

Articles - The week that...

week071208December 3, 1984: The people of Bhopal, a city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, are woken by a dense cloud of toxic gas when a malfunction at the Union Carbide pesticide plant results in the release of 42 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas. 520,000 people are exposed to the toxins in what is often called the world's worst industrial disaster. Among the "gas-affected", 200,000 are under the age of 15 and 3,000 are pregnant women. 8,000 people die within two weeks from suffocation, circulatory collapse and pulmonary oedema. Between 8,000 and 10,000 people have died since from related diseases. The site has never been rehabiliatated. In 1999 tests carried out on the groundwater in the area, the mercury levels in the groundwater were still between 20,000 and 6 million times higher than normal.
   

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